IMPACT Chicago Instructor Martha Thompson summarizes unpublished research on IMPACT and Model Mugging, 1993-2011.
IMPACT participants
·
Most
have never taken self-defense or martial arts (Cox 1993; Holzman 2011).
·
More
than half have experienced some form of verbal, physical, or sexual abuse (Cox
1993; Holzman 2011).
Survivors
·
Self-defense
training provides survivors with an opportunity to reconnect with their bodies
and increases healing, confidence, self-esteem, and self- care (Anderson
1999).
·
Survivors,
in contrast to those who have not experienced abuse, find the simulated
scenarios in IMPACT as more realistic (Cox et al 1994; Holzman 2011).
A safe and respectful classroom space creates a positive experience for survivors (Rosenblum and Taska 2008).
A safe and respectful classroom space creates a positive experience for survivors (Rosenblum and Taska 2008).
Self-assessments
·
Participants’
confidence increases after taking IMPACT (Cox 1993; Cox et al 1994; Holzman
2011).
·
Participants’
confidence, self-efficacy, and self-esteem last for a considerable period of
time (Chipping 2002; Cox et al 1994).
·
Though
no difference in skill level, recent graduates have a higher level of
confidence than those who have not participated in a course for a while (Cox et
al 1994).
·
Participants report improved assertiveness,
personal safety and self-perceptions (IMPACT Safety 2004).
·
Participants
report increased physical safety and a reduction in fear-motivated avoidance
behavior and these assessments remain after the course (Shim 1998).
·
Women
learned to use the strengths they already had (Holzman 2011).
Self-defense skills
·
Women
who practice with a padded mock assailant develop stronger self-defense skills
than those who practice only against inanimate targets (Cox 1997).
·
Women’s
ratings of self-confidence in their skills are supported by independent
observers’ assessment of their skill level (Cox et al 1994).
·
Participants’
skills last for a long period of time (Cox et al 1994).
Beyond Self-Defense
·
Most
participants report positive effects on other areas of
their lives (Cox 1993).
·
Participants
develop more positive body images (Shim 1998).
·
Participation
increases healing for those who have experienced sexual assault (Anderson
1999).
·
IMPACT youth
violence prevention programs give youth alternatives for making safe choices and living with greater confidence in
the world (IMPACT Safety 2004).
Symptoms of anxiety
and depression are significantly reduced after participation in self-defense
training and these observed changes are maintained (Shim 1998).
Marketing
·
Photos of
physical technique stimulate the most interest but also the most anxiety
(Amoroso and Thompson 2006).
·
Photos should
tell a story from the defender’s point-of-view and accompanying text should say
how the course will help address real-life problems (Amoroso and Thompson 2006).
References
Anderson, K. M. (1999). Healing the fighting spirit: Combining
self-defense training and group therapy for women who have experienced incest.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation. (University of Minnesota)
Conlon, Lynne. 1993. Aggression in women victimized during
childhood: The effects of self-defense training. Unpublished dissertation.
San Francisco CA:The Professional School of Psychology.
Cox, D. S. An analysis of two forms of self-defense training and their Impact on women’s sense of personal
safety self-efficacy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. (Old Dominion
University)
Fisher,
L. W. (1994). Facing the demon: Women,
Model Mugging, and self-esteem. Unpublished master’s thesis. (Smith College
School of Social Work)
.Frost, H. L. (1991). “Model Mugging”: A way to reduce women’s
victimization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. (Univ. of Kansas)
Gaddis, J. W. (1990). Women’s empowerment through Model Mugging:
Breaking the cycle of social violence. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
(UC Santa Barbara)
Lidsker, J. (1991). Women and self-defense training: A study of
psychological changes experienced by participants in relation to assault
history. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. (Pacific Graduate School of
Psychology).
Peretz, M. E. 1991. The effects of psychotherapy and self-defense training on recovery of
acquaintance and stranger rape. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
(California School of Professional Psychology).
Rowe, N. P. 1993. Self-defense training: An empowerment
process for women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. (California Institute
of Integral Studies)
Schuiteman, J. A. 1990. Self-defense training and its contributions
to the healing process for survivors of sexual assault. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation. (Michigan State University).
SShim, D. J. 1998. Self-defense training, physical self-efficacy, body image, and avoidant
behavior in women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. (Boston University)
Vaselakos,
W. D. 1999. The effects of women’s
self-protection training on the belief of perceived control. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation. (Adler School of Professional Psychology).
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